Causal models adjusting for time-varying confounding—a systematic review of the literature

There has been marked growth in reports addressing exposure-affected time-varying confounding. This was driven by work in a small number of topic areas, with other areas showing relatively little uptake. In addition, despite developments in more advanced methods such doubly robust techniques and estimation via machine learning, implementation has been largely concentrated on the simpler, yet potentially less robust, IPTW.